Biomass structure of Pinus sylvestris and Betula pendula forest ecosystems in pollution gradient near copper plant on the Southern Ural

In the gradient of pollution from the Karabash copper smelter in the Southern Urals (55 degrees 29' N, 60 degrees 13' E) in predominantly pure Scots pine and white birch stands, 12 and 34 sample plots are established, respectively, on which 42 and 56 model trees are taken, respectively, by stein diameter. The pollution gradient is expressed by the toxicity index suggested with a relative index of the content in the litter of three "technogenic" metals Cu, Ph and Fe. Regression analysis of the dependence of biomass and NPP of trees and stands from toxicity index is performed. There is a log-log-linear pattern of reduction of biomass and annual NIT of spruce-fir forest stands with increasing toxicity index in the direction to the source of pollution, but for the biomass of trees in the same gradient no consistent pattern is detected. The dry matter content (DMC) in all biomass components depends on the toxicity index and species at a statistically significant level: due to the increase in the toxicity index, it decreases in wood and bark, and increases in foliage and branches. At the same toxicity index, DMC in the branches and stem wood more in birch, but in the bark and foliage - in pine. In the wood and bark of a stem, this index is also related to the position in a stem: in the wood it decreases, and in the bark it increases in the direction from) the bottom up

Influence of social communications on changes in marketing concept

In the article the influence of social communications on marketing concepts changing in the context of globalization development is considered. Using a combination of historical and socio-cultural approaches, the development of social communications was compared with the changing in marketing concepts. In order to trace the changes of social communications caused by the globalization, two globalization models were built (one for the period from the late 1980s to the end of 2000's and one to describe the current situation). It has been revealed, that a marketing concept, considered at a certain period as the basic one, is conditioned by the audience coverage, by its efficiency, and by the means of interaction that social communications and current global integration processes are capable to provide. Developing new, more effective social communications provides new opportunities for marketing activities and leads to the change of the basic marketing concept. Also, the main features of the most contemporary marketing concept "marketing 3.0" and of the business concept "Enterprise 2.0" which appeared due to the development of information technology and the new social communications (created through Web 2.0 technology) are presented. The positive and negative aspects of the concept "marketing 3.0" in the context of globalization development are shown

Клиффордовские модели многоканальных изображений, возникающих в Visual cortex

Одна из главных целей работы состоит в том, чтобы доказать, что аппарат гиперкомплексных алгебр и алгебр Клиффорда более адекватно описывает процессы обработки и распознавания цветных и многоспектральных 2D-, 3D- и nD- изображений, чем векторно-матричный математический аппарат. Можно утверждать, что визуальные системы животных с различной эволюционной историей используют различные коммутативные гиперкомплексные алгебры и алгебры Клиффорда для обработки и распознавания цветных и мультиканальных изображений. Поэтому отдел VC головного мозга вероятно имеет способность оперировать как устройство, работающее в алгебре Клиффорда.The main goal of the paper is to show that commutative hypercomplex algebras and noncommutative Clifford algebras can be used to solve problems of color, multicolor and hypercomplex 2D-, 3D- and nD- images in a natural and effective manner. One can argue that nature has, through evolution, also learned to utilize properties of hypercomplex numbers. Thus, the visual cortex of abrain might have the ability to operate as a Clifford algebra computing device

Algebra and geometry of multichannel images. Part 1. Hypercomplex models of retinal images

We present a new theoretical framework for multichannel image processing using hypercomplex commutative algebras. Hypercomplex algebras generalize the algebras of complex numbers. The main goal of the work is to show that hypercomplex algebras can be used to solve problems of multichannel (color, multicolor, and hyperspectral) image processing in a natural and effective manner. In this work we suppose that animal brain operates with hypercomplex numbers when processing and recognizing multichannel retinal images. In our approach, each multichannel pixel is considered not as an K–D vector, but as an K–D hypercomplex number, where K is the number of different optical channels. The aim of this part is to present algebraic models of subjective perceptual color, multicolor and multichannel spaces. Note, that the perceived color is the result of the human mind, not a physical property of an object. We also proposed a model of the MacAdam ellipses based on the triplet (color) geometry

Additive model of Larix sp. forest stand biomass sensitive to temperature and precipitation variables in Eurasia

The first attempt of modeling changes in additive component composition of biomass of Larix sp. communities on the Trans-Eurasian hydrothermal gradients based on regional peculiarities of age and morphology of the forests is attempted. The increase of all biomass components of the tree layer with increasing temperature at the constant precipitation and its decrease with increasing precipitation at the constant temperature is established. The positive relationship of the understory biomass with the temperature in the areas of insufficient moisture as the transition to moisture-rich areas is replaced by the opposite one. The development of such models for basic forest-forming species in Eurasia will give possibility to predict any changes in the biological productivity of forest cover of Eurasia in relation to climate change. © 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd. All rights reserved

Intelligent OFDM telecommunication system. Part 4. Anti-eavesdropping and anti-jamming properties of the system, based on many-parameter and fractional Fourier transforms

In this paper, we aim to investigate the superiority and practicability of many-parameter wavelet and Golay transforms (MPWT and MPGT) from the physical layer security (PHY-LS) perspective. We propose novel Intelligent OFDM-telecommunication system (Intelligent-OFDM-TCS), based on many-parameter transforms (MPTs). New system uses inverse MPT for modulation at the transmitter and direct MPT for demodulation at the receiver. The purpose of employing the MPTs is to improve the PHY-LS of wireless transmissions against to the wide-band anti-jamming communication. Each MPT depends on finite set of independent Jacobi parameters (angles), which could be changed independently one of another. When parameters are changed, multi-parametric transform is changed too taking form of a set known (and unknown) orthogonal (or unitary) wavelet transforms. We implement the following performances as bit error rate (BER), symbol error rate (SER), peak to average power ratio (PAPR), the Shannon-Wyner secrecy capacity (SWSC) for novel Intelligent-MPWT-OFDM-TCS. Previous research has shown that the conventional OFDM TCS based on discrete Fourier transform (DFT) has unsatisfactory characteristics in BER, PARP, SWSC and in anti-eavesdropping communications. We study Intelligent-MPT-OFDM-TCS to find out optimal values of angle parameters of MPT optimized BER, PAPR, SWSC, anti-eavesdropping effects. Simulation results show that the proposed Intelligent OFDM-TCS have better performances than the conventional OFDM system based on DFT against eavesdropping. © 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd. All rights reserved

Intelligent OFDM telecommunication system. Part 3. Anti-eavesdropping and anti-jamming properties of system, based on many-parameter wavelet and Golay transforms

In this paper, we aim to investigate the superiority and practicability of many-parameter Fourier transforms (MPFT) from the physical layer security (PHY-LS) perspective. We propose novel Intelligent OFDM-telecommunication system (Intelligent-OFDM-TCS), based on MPFT. New system uses inverse MPFT for modulation at the transmitter and direct MPFT for demodulation at the receiver. The purpose of employing the MPFTs is to improve the PHY-LS of wireless transmissions against to the wide-band anti-jamming communication. Each MPFT depends on finite set of independent parameters (angles), which could be changed independently one from another. When parameters are changed, multi-parametric transform is also changed taking form of a set known (and unknown) orthogonal (or unitary) transforms. We implement the following performances as bit error rate (BER), symbol error rate (SER), the Shannon-Wyner secrecy capacity (SWSC) for novel Intelligent-MPWT-OFDM-TCS. Previous research has shown that the conventional OFDM TCS based on discrete Fourier transform (DFT) has unsatisfactory characteristics in BER, SWSC and in anti-eavesdropping communications. We study Intelligent-MPWT-OFDM-TCS to find out optimal values of angle parameters of MPFT optimized BER, SWSC, anti-eavesdropping effects. Simulation results show that the proposed Intelligent OFDM-TCS have better performances than the conventional OFDM system based on DFT against eavesdropping. © 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd. All rights reserved

Generalized classical and quantum signal theories on hypergroups. Part 1. Clasical signal theory

In this paper we develop generalized nonharmonic analysis of signals and images on commu­tative hypergroups, associated with arbitrary unitary (orthogonal) transforms. We introduce general­ized convolutions, correlations, Wigner-Ville distributions, and ambiguity functions. All theorems and properties of ordinary classical Fourier harmonic analysis are transferred on nonharmonic analysis Fourier on arbitrary Abelian hypergroups

Клиффордовские модели многоканальных изображений, возникающих в Visual cortex

Одна из главных целей работы состоит в том, чтобы доказать, что аппарат гиперкомплексных алгебр и алгебр Клиффорда более адекватно описывает процессы обработки и распознавания цветных и многоспектральных 2D-, 3D- и nD- изображений, чем векторно-матричный математический аппарат. Можно утверждать, что визуальные системы животных с различной эволюционной историей используют различные коммутативные гиперкомплексные алгебры и алгебры Клиффорда для обработки и распознавания цветных и мультиканальных изображений. Поэтому отдел VC головного мозга вероятно имеет способность оперировать как устройство, работающее в алгебре Клиффорда.The main goal of the paper is to show that commutative hypercomplex algebras and noncommutative Clifford algebras can be used to solve problems of color, multicolor and hypercomplex 2D-, 3D- and nD- images in a natural and effective manner. One can argue that nature has, through evolution, also learned to utilize properties of hypercomplex numbers. Thus, the visual cortex of abrain might have the ability to operate as a Clifford algebra computing device